Colour Revolutions - Look Out, Brazil!

	Revolution	Location	Date started	Date ended	Description
	Carnation Revolution	Portugal	April 25, 1974		The revolution is associated with the colour carnation becausecarnations were worn.
	Velvet Revolution	Czechoslovakia	November 17, 1989	December 29, 1989	in 1989, a peaceful demonstration by students (mostly fromCharles University) was attacked by the police – and in time contributed to the collapse of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
	Yellow Revolution	Philippines	February 22, 1986	February 25, 1986	The 1986 People Power Revolution (also called the "EDSA" or the "Yellow” Revolution) in the Philippines was the first successful non-violent uprising in the contemporary period. It was a series of peaceful demonstrations against the authoritarian regime of then-President Ferdinand Marcos, that increased after the 1983assassination of opposition Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. A fraudulent snap election on 7 February 1986 and a call by the powerful Catholic episcopacy sparked mass demonstrations across Metro Manila from 22–25 February. The Revolution's iconic L-shaped Laban sign is derived from the Filipino term for People Power, "Lakás ng Bayan", whose acronym is "LABAN" ("fight"), The yellow-clad protesters succeeded in ousting Marcos, and installing Benigno's widow Corazón as the rightful eleventh President, ushering in the present Fifth Republic.
	Bulldozer Revolution	Yugoslavia	October 5, 2000		The 'Bulldozer Revolution' in 2000, which led to the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević. These demonstrations are usually considered to be the first example of the peaceful revolutions which followed. However, the Serbians adopted an approach that had already been used in parliamentary elections in Bulgaria (1997), Slovakia (1998)and Croatia (2000), characterised by civic mobilisation through get-out-the-vote campaigns and unification of the political opposition. The nationwide protesters did not adopt a colour or a specific symbol; however, the slogan "Gotov je" (Serbian Cyrillic: Готов је, English: He is finished) did become an aftermath symbol celebrating the completion of the task. Despite the commonalities, many others refer to Georgia as the most definite beginning of the series of "colour revolutions". The demonstrations were supported by the youth movement Otpor, some of whose members were involved in the later revolutions in other countries.
	Rose Revolution	Georgia	November 3, 2003	November 23, 2003	The Rose Revolution in Georgia, following the disputed 2003 election, led to the overthrow of Eduard Shevardnadze and replacing him with Mikhail Saakashvili after new elections were held in March 2004. The Rose Revolution was supported by theKmara civic resistance movement.
	Orange Revolution	Ukraine	November 22, 2004	January 23, 2005	The Orange Revolution in Ukraine followed the disputed second round of the Ukrainian presidential election, 2004, leading to the annulment of the result and the repeat of the round – Leader of the Opposition Viktor Yushchenko was declared President, defeatingViktor Yanukovych. The Orange Revolution was supported byPORA.
	Purple Revolution	Iraq	January 2005		Purple Revolution was a name first used by some hopeful commentators and later picked up by United States PresidentGeorge W. Bush to describe the coming of democracy to Iraq following the 2005 Iraqi legislative election and was intentionally used to draw the parallel with the Orange and Rose revolutions. However, the name "purple revolution" has not achieved widespread use in Iraq, the United States or elsewhere. The name comes from the colour that voters' index fingers were stained to prevent fraudulent multiple voting.
	Tulip Revolution	Kyrgyzstan	February 27, 2005	April 11, 2005	The Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan (also sometimes called the "Pink Revolution") was more violent than its predecessors and followed the disputed Kyrgyz parliamentary election, 2005. At the same time, it was more fragmented than previous "colour" revolutions. The protesters in different areas adopted the colours pink and yellow for their protests. This revolution was supported by youth resistance movement KelKel.
	Cedar Revolution	Lebanon	February 14, 2005	February 28, 2005	The Cedar Revolution in Lebanon between February and April 2005 followed not a disputed election, but rather the assassination of opposition leader Rafik Hariri in 2005. Also, instead of the annulment of an election, the people demanded an end to theSyrian occupation of Lebanon. Nonetheless, some of its elements and some of the methods used in the protests have been similar enough that it is often considered and treated by the press and commentators as one of the series of "colour revolutions". TheCedar of Lebanon is the symbol of the country, and the revolution was named after it. The peaceful demonstrators used the colours white and red, which are found in the Lebanese flag. The protests led to the pullout of Syrian troops in April 2005, ending their nearly 30-year presence there, although Syria retains some influence in Lebanon.
	Blue Revolution	Kuwait	March 2005		Blue Revolution was a term used by some Kuwaitis[2] to refer to demonstrations in Kuwait in support of women's suffrage beginning in March 2005; it was named after the colour of the signs the protesters used. In May of that year the Kuwaiti government acceded to their demands, granting women the right to vote beginning in the 2007 parliamentary elections.[3] Since there was no call for regime change, the so-called "blue revolution" cannot be categorised as a true colour revolution.
	Jeans Revolution	Belarus	March 19, 2006	March 25, 2006	In Belarus, there have been a number of protests against PresidentAlexander Lukashenko, with participation from student group Zubr. One round of protests culminated on 25 March 2005; it was a self-declared attempt to emulate the Kyrgyzstan revolution, and involved over a thousand citizens. However, police severely suppressed it, arresting over 30 people and imprisoning opposition leader Mikhail Marinich. A second, much larger, round of protests began almost a year later, on 19 March 2006, soon after the presidential election. Official results had Lukashenko winning with 83% of the vote; protesters claimed the results were achieved through fraud and voter intimidation, a charge echoed by many foreign governments.[citation needed] Protesters camped out in October Square in Minsk over the next week, calling variously for the resignation of Lukashenko, the installation of rival candidateAlaksandar Milinkievič, and new, fair elections. The opposition originally used as a symbol the white-red-white former flag of Belarus; the movement has had significant connections with that in neighbouring Ukraine, and during the Orange Revolution some white-red-white flags were seen being waved in Kiev. During the 2006 protests some called it the "Jeans Revolution" or "Denim Revolution",[4] blue jeans being considered a symbol for freedom. Some protesters cut up jeans into ribbons and hung them in public places.[citation needed] It is claimed that Zubr was responsible for coining the phrase. Lukashenko has said in the past: "In our country, there will be no pink or orange, or even banana revolution." More recently he's said "They [the West] think that Belarus is ready for some 'orange' or, what is a rather frightening option, 'blue' or 'cornflower blue' revolution. Such 'blue' revolutions are the last thing we need".[5] On 19 April 2005, he further commented: "All these coloured revolutions are pure and simple banditry."[6]
	Saffron Revolution	Myanmar	August 15, 2007	September 26, 2007	In Burma (officially called Myanmar), a series of anti-government protests were referred to in the press as the Saffron Revolution[7][8]after Buddhist monks (Theravada Buddhist monks normally wear the colour saffron) took the vanguard of the protests. A previous, student-led revolution, the 8888 Uprising on 8 August 1988, had similarities to the colour revolutions, but was violently repressed.
	Grape Revolution	Moldova	April 6, 2009	April 12, 2009	The opposition is reported to have hoped for and urged some kind of Orange revolution, similar to that in Ukraine, in the follow-up of the Moldovan parliamentary elections, 2005, while the Christian Democratic People's Party adopted orange for its colour in a clear reference to the events of Ukraine.[citation needed] A name hypothesised for such an event was "Grape Revolution" because of the abundance of vineyards in the country; however, such a revolution failed to materialise after the governmental victory in the elections. Many reasons have been given for this, including a fractured opposition and the fact that the government had already co-opted many of the political positions that might have united the opposition (such as a perceived pro-European and anti-Russian stance). Also the elections themselves were declared fairer in the OSCE election monitoring reports than had been the case in other countries where similar revolutions occurred, even though the CIS monitoring mission strongly condemned them. There was civil unrest all over Moldova following the 2009 Parliamentary election due to the opposition claiming that the communists had fixed the election. Eventually, the Alliance for European Integration created a governing coalition that pushed theCommunist party into opposition.
	Green Revolution	Iran	June 13, 2009	February 11, 2010	Green Revolution is a term widely used to describe the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests. The protests began in 2009, several years after the main wave of colour revolutions, although like them it began due to a disputed election, the 2009 Iranian presidential election. Protesters adopted the colour green as their symbol because it had been the campaign colour of presidential candidateMir-Hossein Mousavi, whom many protesters thought had won theelections. However Mousavi failed to show any credible evidence that he had won the election.[9]
	Jasmine Revolution	Tunisia	December 18, 2010	January 14, 2011	Jasmine Revolution was a widely used term[10] for the Tunisian Revolution. The Jasmine Revolution led to the exit of PresidentBen Ali from office and the beginning of the Arab Spring.
	Lotus Revolution	Egypt	January 25, 2011	February 11, 2011	Lotus Revolution was a term used by various western news sources to describe the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 that forced President Mubarak to step down in 2011 as part of the Arab Spring, which followed the Jasmine Revolution of Tunisia. Lotus is known as the flower representing resurrection, life and the sun of ancient Egypt. It is uncertain who gave the name, while columnist of Arabic press, Asharq Alawsat, and prominent Egyptian opposition leader Saad Eddin Ibrahim claimed to name it the Lotus Revolution. Lotus Revolution later became common on western news source such as CNN.[11] Other names, such as White Revolution and Nile Revolution, are used but are minor terms compare to Lotus Revolution. The term Lotus Revolution is rarely, if ever, used in the Arab world.[citation needed].
	Jasmine Revolution	China	February 20, 2011	March 20, 2011	A call which first appeared on 17 February 2011 on the Chinese language site Boxun.com in the United States for a "Jasmine revolution" in the People's Republic of China and repeated on social networking sites in China resulted in blocking of internet searches for "jasmine" and a heavy police presence at designated sites for protest such as the McDonald's in central Beijing, one of the 13 designated protest sites, on 20 February 2011. A crowd did gather there, but their motivations were ambiguous as a crowd tends to draw a crowd in that area.[12] Boxun experienced a denial of service attack during this period and was inaccessible.[13]