When Chris Pratt auditioned for the role of Scott Hatteberg, he was told he was too fat.
Pratt decided to lose weight before the role was cast.
"I'd check, maybe, once a week,"
he recalls.
"I'd say, 'They cast it yet?'
And I would just keep working out.
Finally I got in good enough shape that I took a picture of myself and sent it to my agent."
He won the role.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after a very stressful, frightening or distressing event, or after a prolonged traumatic experience.
Types of events that can lead to PTSD include:
serious accidents
physical or sexual assault
abuse, including childhood or domestic abuse
exposure to traumatic events at work, including remote exposure
serious health problems, such as being admitted to intensive care
childbirth experiences, such as losing a baby
war and conflict
torture
PTSD develops in about 1 in 3 people who experience severe trauma.
It's not fully understood why some people develop the condition while others do not.
But certain factors appear to make some people more likely to develop PTSD.
Who's at risk
If you have had depression or anxiety in the past, or you do not receive much support from family or friends, you're more susceptible to developing PTSD after a traumatic event.
There may also be a genetic factor involved in PTSD. For example, having a parent with a mental health problem is thought to increase your chances of developing the condition.
Why does it develop?
Although it's not clear exactly why people develop PTSD, a number of possible reasons have been suggested.
Survival mechanism
One suggestion is that the symptoms of PTSD are the result of an instinctive mechanism intended to help you survive further traumatic experiences.
For example, the flashbacks many people with PTSD experience may force you to think about the event in detail so you're better prepared if it happens again.
The feeling of being "on edge" (hyperarousal) may develop to help you react quickly in another crisis.
But while these responses may be intended to help you survive, they're actually very unhelpful in reality because you cannot process and move on from the traumatic experience.
High adrenaline levels
Studies have shown that people with PTSD have abnormal levels of stress hormones.
Normally, when in danger, the body produces stress hormones like adrenaline to trigger a reaction in the body.
This reaction, often known as the "fight or flight" reaction, helps to deaden the senses and dull pain.
People with PTSD have been found to continue to produce high amounts of fight or flight hormones even when there's no danger.
It's thought this may be responsible for the numbed emotions and hyperarousal experienced by some people with PTSD.
Changes in the brain
In people with PTSD, parts of the brain involved in emotional processing appear different in brain scans.
One part of the brain responsible for memory and emotions is known as the hippocampus.
In people with PTSD, the hippocampus appears smaller in size.
It's thought that changes in this part of the brain may be related to fear and anxiety, memory problems and flashbacks.
The malfunctioning hippocampus may prevent flashbacks and nightmares being properly processed, so the anxiety they generate does not reduce over time.
Treatment of PTSD results in proper processing of the memories so, over time, the flashbacks and nightmares gradually disappear.
Billy Beane: It's hard not to be romantic about baseball. This kind of thing, it's fun for the fans. It sells tickets and hot dogs. Doesn't mean anything.
Peter Brand: Billy, we just won twenty games in a row.
Billy Beane: And what's the point?
Peter Brand:
We just got the record.
Billy Beane:
Man, I've been doing this for... listen, man.
I've been in this game a long time.
I'm not in it for a record, I'll tell you that.
I'm not in it for a ring.
That's when people get hurt.
If we don't win the last game of the Series, they'll dismiss us.
Peter Brand:
Billy...
Billy Beane:
I know these guys. I know the way they think, and they will erase us.
And everything we've done here, none of it'll matter.
Any other team wins the World Series, good for them.
They're drinking champagne, they get a ring.
But if we win, on our budget, with this team...
we'll have changed the game.
And that's what I want. I want it to mean something.
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